SUMMARY OF GROUP 1

Nama          : Lailatul Munawaroh
NPM           : 13216990
Kelas           : 1EA 06
MataKuliah: Bahasa Inggris 2
Dosen          : Rose Diana







There are three points of summary:
-Article The and A/An
-No article
-Direct ‘n’ Indirect speech







Article The and A/An


There are two types of articles that is used by English. First, ‘the’ (definite article) and the second is ‘a/an’ (indefinite article). The different between both of it is:
·         ‘The’ is used for specific or particular nouns.
·         ‘A/An’ is used for non-specific or non-particular noun.
That’s why the first is called definite article and the second is indefinite article.
Example:

Definite Article
Lisa:       "could you take me to the mall?"
Jessica: “ok, let’s go”

Indefinite Article
Boby:    " could you take me to a mall?"
Rudi:      “wich mall that you want?”

From the example, we can conclude that if we use the Definite Article the responses will be know what we mean/ask. The exact opposite with Indefinite Article is that the responses not knowing what we mean/ask. Because (from the example) a mall is refers to any mall.


There are some rules of the usage.
1.       If the noun is changed by an adjective, the Indefinite Article depends on the first alphabet of the adjective. ‘a’ is used If the first alphabet of the adjective is consonant. But if the first alpahabet of the adjective is vocal, it is using ‘the’. For example:
·         a cup of coffee
·         an urgent situation

2.       Noncount nouns is using ‘The’ or Definite Article.

3.       Count noun is using ‘A/An’ or Indefinite Article.

4.       the indefinite articles are used to indicate membership whether it is a profession,
nation, or religion.





No Article


There are some types of nouns that that don’t take any article

•       Names of languages and countries:  English, Spanish, Russian (unless it is refers to the population of the country: "The Indonesian  are known for their friendly attitude.")
Example:
Its not easy to learn about Spanish culture
•       Names of sports: basketball, hockey, football
Example:
They playing football
•       Names of academic subjects: economics, biology, history, computer science
Example:
Today we have to learning about economics


1. When we refer to general ideas, plurals or uncountable nouns we do not use THE.
•       Age is an issue of mind over matter. (NOT The age is an issue of mind over matter)
•       Indonesian food is so spicy. (NOT The Indonesian food is so spicy).

2. Names of people, books and plays (unless it is part of the title).
•       I have watch Beauty & The Beast.
•       I have read Twilight Novel.

3. Towns, cities, states and countries.
•       Indonesia
•       Jakarta
•       Mexico
(Exceptions – The USA, The UK, The Netherlands, The Czech Republic, The Philippines).





DIRECT ‘n’ Indirect speech (present simple, present continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous)



The last summary is about Direct ‘n’ Indirect speech.
Direct Speech

When someone say something and then we quoting or saying what he/she said it is called direct speech.
Example:
He said, “Today’s meeting is done.” or
“Today’s meeting is done.”, he said

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
               
When someone say something and then we saying or reporting what he/she said without quoting what he/she said it is called Indirect speech.
Example:
He said that yesterday’s meeting was done.



There are some important rules of how to Change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech:

Adverbs of Time and Place
You should know the different between present condition with past condition
Example:
•       She said “last night they watched a movie”
•       She said the previous night they watched a movie


Tenses
In this rule, there are some tenses that will be change depends on some condition.
Present Simple › Past simple
•       Boy said, ”it’s so dangerous   
•       Boy said it was so dangerous.
Present continuous › Past continuous 
•       Angel said, “I’m asking my teacher.”
•       Angel said she was asking her teacher.
Present perfect › Past perfect 
•       Nico said, “I’ve trained to be a boxer since 2010.” 
•       He said he had trained to be a boxer since 2010.
Present perfect continuous › Past perfect continuous 
•       Ahmad said, “I’ve been waiting for so long time.” 
•       Ahmad said he had been waiting for so long time
Will › would 
•       Clara said, “I’ll buy some clothes next week.”
•       Clara said she would buy some clothes next week.
Can › could 
•       Aldo said, “I can play basketball.” 
•       Aldo said he could play basketball.
Must ›  had to 
•       Jessie said, “I must have a new makeup for tomorrow.”
•       Jessie said she had to have a new makeup for tomorrow.


Universal thing
the quotation marks is not changed at all if indirect speech contained by universal thing.
Example:
•       Tommy said,” the fish lives in the water.
•       Tommy said that the fish lives in the water.


Future event condition
the present tense can be used if you are talking about a future event.
•       They said,”next week’s journey is going to maldives.”
•       They said next week’s journey will be going to maldives.


Reported Speech of Interrogative
•       Do not use the quotation marks and question mark.
•       if the sentence of the quotation marks begins with a helping/auxiliary verb, we have to use ‘if’ or ‘whether’ on the inside of the sentence.
•       Use the given interrogative word 5W+1H(what, when, where, why, who, which,etc.) if it doesn’t begin with the helping/auxiliary verb.
•       Do not use ‘that’


Reported Speech of Yes/ No Questions
If or whether is used for yes/no questions. Which if is more informal and whether is more formal.
•       “Will you marry me?” he asked me.
•       He asked me if/whether I would marry with him.
•       “Did he eat my food?” she said.
•       She wondered if/whether he had eaten her food.


Reported Speech of Advice
If it contains advice the reporting verb changes into advised.
•       “use your seatbelt,” I said.
•       I advised him to use his seatbelt.


Punctuation in Direct Speech
Various punctuation conventions are used to distinguish between the quoted words with the rest of the text. Here are the basic rules:
•       “we’re going to the cinema,” Ani said. (American English)
•       ‘we’re going to the cinema,’ Ani said. (British English)


The optional to use ‘That’ in Reported Speech
You may use ‘that’ or not use ‘that’. It is optional for the usage of reported speech.
•       She told me that she arrived in Depok City.
•       She told me she arrived in Depok City.




From the three points of the summary i have made, i hope it will expand knowledge that we have and also give benefical things for us.

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